uid=BNZ,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all public read knb-lter-bnz.344.9 F.S. Stuart Chapin PI, Professor of Ecology

Department of Biology and Wildlife; Institute of Arctic Biology: University of Alaska Fairbanks 193 Arctic Health P.O. Box 757000 Fairbanks AK 99775 United States

(907) 474-7922 (907) 474-6967 terry.chapin@alaska.edu http://terrychapin.org/ Bonanza Creek LTER Data Manager

Boreal Ecology Cooperative Research Unit University of Alaska Fairbanks P.O. Box 756780 Fairbanks AK 99775 USA

907-474-6364 907-474-6251 jpdowning@alaska.edu http://www.lter.uaf.edu 2008-04-15 This study considers the relative role of competition and facilitation in primary succession of the boreal forest floodplain of Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest. Alder (Alnus tenuifolia Nutt.) is an early colonist of young floodplain sites, where it contributes greatly to soil development through the addition of nitrogen to the soil. White spruce (Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss) typically colonizes such sites later; it becomes established beneath a canopy of alder and willow (Salix spp.) which is sometimes overtopped by young balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.). The alder may potentially influence white spruce both positively and negatively. Possible facilitative effects include protection of small seedlings from excess heat or heavy siltation accompanying flooding and addition of soil nitrogen, an effect that may extend for many years. Competition for light (and other resources) before the white spruce has overtopped the alder canopy may prove to be a major negative effects. This study seeks to determine the net balance of these effects on the floodplain successional sequence by planting spruce seedlings with and without the presence of alder. Plots of white spruce seedlings were planted in 1989 on an early successional silt bar with and without alder in the Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest. Biomass by species and carbon and nitrogen pools of plants and soils were measured in 2002. Height and survivorship of spruce seedlings were measured in 1992, 1995, and 2002. White spruce grew more rapidly in the presence of alder during the first six years. After 13 years, however, seedlings planted with alder experienced high mortality due to intensive browsing by snowshoe hares. Alder resulted in greater total biomass and larger carbon and nitrogen pools in plants and soils. succession alder nitrogen carbon facilitation Biogeochemistry

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http://www.lter.uaf.edu/data_detail.cfm?datafile_pkey=344 Site information unavailable -148.2701852 -148.1435205 64.73028888 64.68584608 1992-07-01 2002-08-03

Completed

Bonanza Creek LTER Data Manager

Boreal Ecology Cooperative Research Unit University of Alaska Fairbanks P.O. Box 756780 Fairbanks AK 99775 USA

907-474-6364 907-474-6251 jpdowning@alaska.edu http://www.lter.uaf.edu Bonanza Creek LTER

Boreal Ecology Cooperative Research Unit University of Alaska Fairbanks P.O. Box 756780 Fairbanks AK 99775 USA

907-474-6364 907-474-6251 Bonanza Creek LTER

Artificial communities of pure spruce or mixed alder and spruce were established in 1989 at each of three replicate early successional sites (FP1A, FP1B, and FP1C). At each site four pure spruce plots were established and two mixed-species plots were established in a randomized block design. Each plot was 20m X 20m. Spruce seedlings were grown in a greenhouse for 6 months from local seed, then planted at a spacing of 1m in all plots. In the mixed plots alder seedlings were planted between spruce seedlings. Dead seedlings were replaced throughout the first two years of the study and naturally occurring alder were periodically weeded from pure spruce plots until 1995. Bank erosion destroyed plots at FP1A and this site was eliminated from the study after 1992. Naturally seeded alder established densely in one of the spruce plots in FP1C, so this plot was also excluded from the study.

FIELD: Spruce height and condition were measured in 1992 and repeated in 1995 and 2002. Alder heights were measured in 1992 and 1995. In 2002 we harvested quadrates in each plot to estimate total plant and soil N and C accumulation and above ground biomass. Four points were randomly selected within each plot for quadrat sampling of the entire above ground biomass (excluding planted alder). At each point the aboveground biomass of shrubs was sampled (if present), herbs, and litter. The shrub layer was sampled with a 1 m2 quadrate and the herb and litter layers were usually sampled with a 0.25 m2 quadrate. In 2003 we estimated the number of alder stems and their basal diameter and sampled 18 alders to generate allometric equations relating basal stem diameters to biomass components. Alder biomass will be estimated by using these allometric equations and the estimates of the number of alder stems and basal diameter. We took soil cores to a depth of 1m from the center of each quadrate. The first 20 cm were sampled with a soil corer with a diameter of 5.2 cm. The depth from 20 to 80 cm was sampled with a narrower soil core with a diameter of 1.7 cm. The entire soil core was divided into 3 segments based on depth: 0-5cm, 5-20cm, and 20-100cm. Each segment was divided into mineral soil, organic soil, mixed organic and mineral soil, and buried organic soil. Buried organic soils were organic soils found beneath mineral soil because of silt deposition. All buried organic layers were composited into a single sample in each segment. LAB: Each vegetation layer was sorted into component plant parts. The shrub layer was sorted into standing dead and live material. In most cases the live material was sorted as poplar or willow and further sorted into old growth and new growth branches and leaves. The herb layer was divided into standing dead, grasses, equisetum, and forbs. Litter was sorted into woody, non-woody, and green components. A sub-sample of soil and plant samples was analyzed for total C and N with a Costech 4010 elemental combustion system (Costech analytical technologies, Valencia Ca.).

geoReference 1992-07-01 2002-08-03

Spruce height and condition were measured in 1992 and repeated in 1995 and 2002. Alder heights were measured in 1992 and 1995. In 2002 quadrates were harvested in each plot to estimate total plant and soil N and C accumulation and above ground biomass.

344_Artificial_Commuinities.txt Artificial Communities Seedling Growth: Plots of white spruce seedlings were planted in 1989 on an early successional silt bar with and without alder in the Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest. Biomass by species and carbon and nitrogen pools of plants and soils were measured in 2002. Height and survivorship of spruce seedlings were measured in 1992, 1995, and 2002. 344_Artificial_Commuinities.txt 1 \n \n column \t http://metacat.lternet.edu/das/dataAccessServlet?docid=knb-lter-bnz..&urlTail=/ascii/files/344_Artificial_Commuinities.txt Succession Stage Succession Stage Successional stage plots string FP flood plane location for each site within Bonanza Creek LTER Vegetation Type Vegetation Type Vegetation type, either A=alder, or PS=pure spruce string A alder site PS pure spruce site PS pure spruce site Equisetum N pool Equisetum N pool Equisetum N pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 60.000 Woody N Pool Woody N Pool Woody N Pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 60.000 Non-Woody Litter N pool Non-Woody Litter N pool Non-Woody Litter N pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 60.000 Grass N pool Grass N pool Grass N pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 60.000 Standing Dead Shrub N pool Standing Dead Shrub N pool Standing Dead Shrub N pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 60.000 Dead Forb N pool Dead Forb N pool Dead Forb N pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 60.000 Spruce New Stems N pool Spruce New Stems N pool Spruce New Stems N pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 60.000 Spruce New Leaves N pool Spruce New Leaves N pool Spruce New Leaves N pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 60.000 Spruce Old Stems N pool Spruce Old Stems N pool Spruce Old Stems N pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 60.000 Spruce Old Leaves N pool Spruce Old Leaves N pool Spruce Old Leaves N pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 60.000 Willow reproductive N pool Willow reproductive N pool Willow reproductive N pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 60.000 Willow New Stems N pool Willow New Stems N pool Willow New Stems N pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 60.000 Willow New Leaves N pool Willow New Leaves N pool Willow New Leaves N pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 60.000 Willow Old Growth N pool Willow Old Growth N pool Willow Old Growth N pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 60.000 Poplar New Stem N pool Poplar New Stem N pool Poplar New Stem N pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 60.000 Poplar New Leaves N pool Poplar New Leaves N pool Poplar New Leaves N pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 60.000 Poplar Old Growth N pool Poplar Old Growth N pool Poplar Old Growth N pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 60.000 Alder N pool Live Alder N pool Live Alder N pool Live float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 60.000 Alder N pool Dead Alder N pool Dead Alder N pool Dead float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 60.000 Equisetum C pool Equisetum C pool Equisetum C pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 3000.000 Woody C Pool Woody C Pool Woody C Pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 3000.000 Non-Woody Litter C pool Non-Woody Litter C pool Non-Woody Litter C pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 3000.000 Grass C pool Grass C pool Grass C pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 3000.000 Standing Dead Shrub C pool Standing Dead Shrub C pool Standing Dead Shrub C pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 3000.000 Dead Forb C pool Dead Forb C pool Dead Forb C pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 3000.000 Spruce New Stems C pool Spruce New Stems C pool Spruce New Stems C pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 3000.000 Spruce New Leaves C pool Spruce New Leaves C pool Spruce New Leaves C pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 3000.000 Spruce Old Stems C pool Spruce Old Stems C pool Spruce Old Stems C pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 3000.000 Spruce Old Leaves C pool Spruce Old Leaves C pool Spruce Old Leaves C pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 3000.000 Willow reproductive C pool Willow reproductive C pool Willow reproductive C pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 3000.000 Willow New Stems C pool Willow New Stems C pool Willow New Stems C pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 3000.000 Willow New Leaves C pool Willow New Leaves C pool Willow New Leaves C pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 3000.000 Willow Old Growth C pool Willow Old Growth C pool Willow Old Growth C pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 3000.000 Poplar New Stem C pool Poplar New Stem C pool Poplar New Stem C pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 3000.000 Poplar New Leaves C pool Poplar New Leaves C pool Poplar New Leaves C pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 3000.000 Poplar Old Growth C pool Poplar Old Growth C pool Poplar Old Growth C pool float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 3000.000 Alder C pool Live Alder C pool Live Alder C pool Live float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 3000.000 Alder C pool Dead Alder C pool Dead Alder C pool Dead float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 3000.000 N Pool Organic 0-5 N Pool Organic 0-5 N pool for 0-5cm organic layer of soil float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 1000.000 N Pool Mineral 0-5 N Pool Mineral 0-5 N pool for 0-5cm mineral layer of soil float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 1000.000 N Pool Organic 5-20 N Pool Organic 5-20 N pool for 5-20cm organic layer of soil float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 1000.000 N Pools Mineral 5-20 N Pools Mineral 5-20 N pool for 5-20cm mineral layer of soil float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 1000.000 N Pool Mineral 20-100 N Pool Mineral 20-100 N pool for 20-100cm mineral layer of soil float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 1000.000 C Pool Organic 0-5 C Pool Organic 0-5 C pool for 0-5cm organic layer of soil float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 10000.000 C Pool Mineral 0-5 C Pool Mineral 0-5 C pool for 0-5cm mineral layer of soil float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 10000.000 C Pool Organic 5-20 C Pool Organic 5-20 C pool for 5-20cm organic layer of soil float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 10000.000 C Pools Mineral 5-20 C Pools Mineral 5-20 C pool for 5-20cm mineral layer of soil float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 10000.000 C Pool Mineral 20-100 C Pool Mineral 20-100 C pool for 20-100cm mineral layer of soil float gramsPerSquareMeter real 0.000 10000.000